Emmanuel Kant, Gravure sur bois, publiée en 1881. Полузащитник «Челси» Н’Голо Канте дал согласие на переход в миланский «Интер».
Канте может перейти в «Арсенал» летом
Name: Emmanuel Kant Duarte. Type: User. Bio: Learning a little piece of code every day and drinking coffee. Hi there, my name is Emmanuel Kant Duarte and welcome to my profile. Подробная информация о фильме Последние дни Иммануила Канта на сайте Кинопоиск. Chronicle of Normand Baillargeon: thinking about education with Emmanuel Kant. О сервисе Прессе Авторские права Связаться с нами Авторам Рекламодателям Разработчикам.
«Мы в центре мощнейшей когнитивной войны»: Алиханов объяснил, почему нужна ревизия учения Канта
Есть несколько залов, где мы интерактивные приемы используем. В зале "Кенигсбергское время", например, можно услышать цитаты известных людей определенной эпохи - мы о пяти веках Кенигсберга говорим. Надели мононаушник — слышим Иммануила Канта, который рассуждает о городе. Надели другой - мы уже в двадцатом столетии, слышим Маяковского, который прилетал в Кенигсберг и из Девау ехал на машине в Берлин. Мне кажется, это очень интересно. Кое-что может найти и человек, который хорошо разбирается в предмете. Книга вышла тиражом в пять тысяч экземпляров и доступна в магазине Кафедрального собора. Получить издание с автографом смогли все, кто пришел на встречу с автором 21 и 23 апреля.
Scholz and those Americans he must answer to have no interest in Kant, in Mendelssohn or in any German or other philosopher worth their salt. If Westerners want to cite Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy or any other great Russian to have a pop at Putin, well then they should, as the Yanks say, bring it on. But engagement no longer seems to be their thing. Gone are the days of the greatest of Germans and Europeans like Leibniz gracing the court of Peter the Great and in are drag clowns like Zelensky dancing like a cut price Salome to titillate, for a price, Scholz and his uncultured ilk. Call me old-fashioned but I would prefer to have Putin and everyone else reading the German greats than to have German embarrassments like Scholz and that insufferable von der Leyen parasite not only pull that once great nation into the gutter but drown her in their own rank ignorance and myopia.
The views of individual contributors do not necessarily represent those of the Strategic Culture Foundation. Though Kant is as undeniably German as the Nord Stream pipeline, Putin and anyone else anywhere has a right to quote him morning, noon and night.
Но в чём-то они схожи: философа уже называют "Эммануилом". В бюллетенях голосования "Великие имена России", раздаваемых в самолётах, немецкого философа Иммануила Канта называют "Эммануилом". Об этом 21 ноября 2018 года сообщила в Facebook пассажир одного из самолётов.
Выходит, организаторы присвоения имени аэропорту Храброво столкнулись с трудностями написания имени немецкого философа.
Jimmy thinks its funny. Of course, any drama that Gibson directs pales in comparison to his own behind-the-scenes odyssey: the story of an odious individual who, after years on the outskirts of Hollywood, has somehow managed to fight his way back into the mainstream. Have some damn respect for those who did risked their lives incredible things so hacks like you can write garbage like that and be paid for it, you stupid, stupid fool.
Лауреат Каннского кинофестиваля, французский режиссёр Лоран Канте умер в 63 года
Он родился и всю жизнь работал в Кенигсберге — сегодня это Калининград, несколько лет даже был российским подданным. Тем не менее в нашей стране созданная им теория не столь популярна. В чем причины русского «антикантианства»?
Here is the correct quotation. Jung said "Annihilation" and not "Annexation. Through the progressive integration of the unconscious we have a reasonable chance to make experiences of an archetypal nature providing us with the feeling of continuity before and after our existence. The better we understand the archetype, the more we participate in its life and the more we realize its eternity or timelessness.
These questions are transcending because their point is not to get an understanding of one definite being from other being; rather, it is an understanding of existence itself that each question seeks at the boundary of existence, from principles that do not belong to existence as objects of cognition.
He stops at the boundary. What his transcending in thoughts of possibility clarifies, together with the mode of our existence, is its phenomenality as an expression of our assurance of intrinsic Being.
Лоран Канте родился в 1961 году в семье школьных учителей, киноискусство он изучал сначала в Марселе, а потом — в парижской Высшей школе кинематографистов. В 2008 году режиссёр получил "Золотую пальмовую ветвь" за картину "Класс", снятую по роману Франсуа Бегодо "Между стен" о жизни учителя одной из школ Парижа.
Иммануил Кант: философ, присягнувший на верность Российской империи
French President Emmanuel Macron on Thursday urged Europe to wake up to the fact that it was not sufficiently armed in the face of global threats such as Russian aggression that pose an existential. Emmanuel Kant. 39 лет, Павлодар. Подробная информация о фильме Последние дни Иммануила Канта на сайте Кинопоиск. не столько повествование о «последних днях» немецкого философа, сколько собрание любопытных фактов, легенд и баек об
Собрались с мыслями. 300 лет Иммануилу Канту. В чем причины русского "антикантианства"? 25.04.2024
Эммануэль (а именно такое имя при рождении получил будущий гений философии) Кант родился 22 апреля 1724 года в Кёнигсберге в семье шорника – мастера по изготовлению. Полузащитник Н’Голо Канте после подписания контракта с саудовским клубом «Аль-Иттихад» приобрел профессиональный футбольный клуб в Бельгии. Об этом сообщает журналист Саша. Иммануил Кант с младенчества, просто по праву рождения, был зачислен в гильдию шорников.
Слушайте альбом Doing Nothing with Emmanuel Kant от ParisPiano
- Лауреат Каннского кинофестиваля, французский режиссёр Лоран Канте умер в 63 года
- Искусственный интеллект «оживил» Иммануила Канта в Калининграде
- Кант Иммануил. Большая российская энциклопедия
- Daily Mail: Канте хочет перейти в «Интер»
- Самое популярное
- Последние дни Иммануила Канта (1996)
Emmanuel Kant
Бельгийская федерация уже проинформирована о процессе продажи, на данный момент сделка находится в процессе оформления документов. Клуб представляет бельгийскую провинцию Люксембург и проводит матчи на четырехтысячном стадионе «Иван Жорж». Клуб никогда не играл в высшем бельгийском дивизионе. Ранее стало известно, что Канте переходит в «Аль-Иттихад» на правах свободного агента.
Кант делит философию на практическую и теоретическую, в основе которых лежит не метод, а предмет познания; а также выделяет царство свободы и царство природы, каждое из которых обладает своими собственными законами, только первое — физическими, основанными на принципах естествознания, то второй — человеческой моралью и нравственностью. В этой же своей работе он выделяет фундаментальные способности человеческой души — к познанию, к желанию и к удовольствию; а также подводит базу под принцип целесообразности природного многообразия, подчинения его некоей закономерности.
Кроме того, Кант выделяет такие важные для его философской школы виды способности суждения — эстетическую и телеологическую. Это далеко не полный обзор научного наследия Канта, мы прошлись лишь по самым известным его произведениям, составивших скелет кантианства — философского течения, последователи которого или же его образовавшихся в процессе ответвлений есть и по сей день. А его мысли нашли своё применение в философии науки, причём любой, даже той, которая выделилась как самостоятельное направление уже много позже смерти самого Канта. Конечно, реальные заслуги Канта намного шире. В частности, именно он первым среди классических немецких философов осмыслил необходимость существования университетов, а также как никто метко дал характеристику своей эпохе.
Просвещение он характеризовал как выход человека из состояния своего несовершеннолетия, то есть из невозможности пользоваться разумом без помощи кого-то другого. Это был в высшей степени оригинальный мыслитель, которого ставят в один ряд по значению для с Платоном, Коперником или Ньютоном. Немалая его заслуга и в развитии педагогики, в своих работах он вывел собственные идеалы, цели и задачи этой науки, не потерявшие своей актуальности и по сей день. Научные заслуги Канта признавали и его почитатели, и его противники. Наверное, потому и задержалось его продвижение по карьерной лестнице, что было у него много завистников.
Лишь в 1770 году он наконец стал профессором. Сам Кант никогда не церемонился со своими критиками, как среди коллег-учёных, обзывая их неспособными понять его лентяями, а их претензии — существующими только в их головах; так и среди власть предержащих и духовенства, которым не нравился излишний материализм учёного. Было немало людей, считавших его сумасбродом. Но всем приходилось мириться с масштабом личности учёного, который уже при жизни стал иконой для молодых философов во многих странах. На рубеже XIX века здоровье уже немолодого учёного пошатнулось.
К тому времени он уже дважды избирался ректором Кёнигсбергского университета — в 1786 году и в 1788 году. Учёный реагировал на всё более прогрессирующие болезни в своём духе, жалуясь, что не знает, зачем и как ему жить, если он больше ничего не может принести в этот мир. Но, даже находясь при смерти, из-за деменции мало что соображая, он преображался на глазах, когда с ним пытались заговорить на научные темы, пытаясь вести диспуты с приходившими его навестить коллегами и учениками. Философ тихо отошёл в мир иной 12 февраля 1804 года. На похороны учёного пришли тысячи людей, одних только студентов были сотни — столь велик был авторитет Канта.
Похоронили его у северной стены Кафедрального собора Кёнигсберга. Несмотря на все перипетии истории, в том числе разрушительные бои за Кёнигсберг 1945 года, могила сохранилась до наших дней, и является одним из мест паломничества в современном Калининграде. Кант в советской и российской науке Хотя сочинения Канта проникли в Россию ещё при жизни автора, достаточно долгое время массово они не издавались на русском языке. А в первые десятилетия Советской власти к нему стало иметь место довольно настороженное отношение, как и вообще ко всем классикам немецкой философии. Особенно это ярко проявилось в годы Великой Отечественной войны.
Кроме того, в публикациях тех лет припоминались некоторые его высказывания, которые можно при определённом подходе расценить как предтечу германского милитаризма и нацизма. Но всё это было налётом времени — даже тогда не отрицалось, что из кантианства черпали и Гегель, и Маркс, и Энгельс, и другие классики философии. В 1960-е годы на русском языке впервые было издано собрание сочинений великого философа в шести томах. В предисловии издатели отмечали, что труды Канта- одни из теоретических источников марксизма, без изучения которых невозможно понять диалектику, а также полноценно критиковать «современную буржуазную философию».
Она может умереть. Все зависит от нашего выбора, и сделать его нужно немедленно", — заявил Эммануэль Макрон. Конечно, французский президент просто не может принять тот факт, что Европа меняется, преображаясь в нечто новое. Для него изменения за пределами намеченного пути и есть "смерть". С одной стороны, Макрон — этим он тоже прославился — призывает к укреплению европейской самодостаточности в обороне и экономике. Иными словами, он призывает к большей независимости от Соединенных Штатов Америки. Ведь то же самое президент Франции говорили и ранее, и именно когда у власти стоял Трамп. Однако когда в 2020 году к власти вернулся представитель типичного американского истеблишмента Джо Байден, у Макрона сразу исчезли претензии и к американскому влиянию в Европе, и к НАТО, которому он больше не приписывал "клиническую смерть". Поскольку нынешнее выступление отнюдь не первая речь Эммануэля Макрона на эту тему, можно заключить, что его позиция очень зависит от того, какая повестка сейчас доминирует, и он, несомненно, склоняется к ней. Кроме того, стоит отметить, что его речь прозвучала всего за несколько недель до выборов в Европейский парламент. Многие полагают, что тем самым Макрон пытается оживить весьма слабую кампанию его партии "Возрождение", которая очень отстает от своего соперника — партии Марин Ле Пен. Макрон: перед нами огромные риски, Европа может умеретьЭммануэль Макрон заявил, что Европа может умереть. Читатели Haber7 подмечают: французский президент надоел постоянными разговорами о войне и чьей-то гибели. Они припомнили ему "смерть мозга" у НАТО. Иными словами, "Национальное объединение" может обойти партию Макрона на предстоящих выборах. С пессимизмом оценивая способность Европы отвечать на "изменение парадигмы", с которым, как утверждает Макрон, мир сейчас столкнулся, президент Франции сказал, что из-за враждебности России, недостаточной включенности США и конкуренции Китая Европейский Союз рискует "угодить в тиски и маргинализироваться". Далее, как бы предлагая ответ, он призвал европейских лидеров подготовиться к "важному стратегическому решению" в обороне и экономике, заявив, что теперь главное для европейских интересов — здоровый протекционизм. Он добавил, что европейские войска не нужно объединять, но нужно ставить им общие цели, например, в виде создания единого щита ПРО по всему континенту.
По слухам, футболист сообщил своим представителям о готовности присоединиться к команде Микеля Артеты этим летом. Сообщается, что финансовые условия будут аналогичными тем, которые есть у Канте в «Челси» на данный момент. Материалы по теме.
Ипохондрик, гений и городская звезда: 5 фактов об Иммануиле Канте
По состоянию на 21. Праздник народного волеизъявления продолжится до 30 ноября 2018 года. Как голосуют за Канта В голосовании по проекту «Великие имена России» калининградцы проявляют большую, чем в среднем активность при сравнении с другими регионами страны. Проголосовать за одно из предложенных имён для аэропорта Храброво можно здесь.
McGovern understood that some idealists those who argued that reality as we know it is largely a construction of the human mind , most notably Kant, were liberal individualists in their political theory, whereas other idealists, such as Hegel, were far more authoritarian. Instead, I wish to conclude by calling attention to the disdain that some fascist philosophers displayed toward Kant. But here we need to consider the crucial question: To what extent should a philosopher be held responsible for how later thinkers used his ideas, especially when those later interpretations differ radically from how the original philosopher understood his own system?
In truth, the philosophy of fascism and National Socialism was a patchwork, a stitching together of disparate ideas taken, frequently out of context, from whatever sources would lend credibility to their quest to justify a totalitarian state. With the possible exception of Martin Heidegger, who joined the Nazi Party in 1933, no philosophy written by a fascist was worth the paper it was written on. We should therefore exercise extreme caution before condemning Kant or any other philosopher as a forerunner of fascism and Nazism. Related Articles.
The sensible world, or the world of appearances, is constructed by the human mind from a combination of sensory matter that we receive passively and a priori forms that are supplied by our cognitive faculties. We can have a priori knowledge only about aspects of the sensible world that reflect the a priori forms supplied by our cognitive faculties.
So according to the Critique, a priori knowledge is possible only if and to the extent that the sensible world itself depends on the way the human mind structures its experience. Kant characterizes this new constructivist view of experience in the Critique through an analogy with the revolution wrought by Copernicus in astronomy: Up to now it has been assumed that all our cognition must conform to the objects; but all attempts to find out something about them a priori through concepts that would extend our cognition have, on this presupposition, come to nothing. Hence let us once try whether we do not get farther with the problems of metaphysics by assuming that the objects must conform to our cognition, which would agree better with the requested possibility of an a priori cognition of them, which is to establish something about objects before they are given to us. This would be just like the first thoughts of Copernicus, who, when he did not make good progress in the explanation of the celestial motions if he assumed that the entire celestial host revolves around the observer, tried to see if he might not have greater success if he made the observer revolve and left the stars at rest. Now in metaphysics we can try in a similar way regarding the intuition of objects. If intuition has to conform to the constitution of the objects, then I do not see how we can know anything of them a priori; but if the object as an object of the senses conforms to the constitution of our faculty of intuition, then I can very well represent this possibility to myself.
Yet because I cannot stop with these intuitions, if they are to become cognitions, but must refer them as representations to something as their object and determine this object through them, I can assume either that the concepts through which I bring about this determination also conform to the objects, and then I am once again in the same difficulty about how I could know anything about them a priori, or else I assume that the objects, or what is the same thing, the experience in which alone they can be cognized as given objects conforms to those concepts, in which case I immediately see an easier way out of the difficulty, since experience itself is a kind of cognition requiring the understanding, whose rule I have to presuppose in myself before any object is given to me, hence a priori, which rule is expressed in concepts a priori, to which all objects of experience must therefore necessarily conform, and with which they must agree. Bxvi—xviii As this passage suggests, what Kant has changed in the Critique is primarily his view about the role and powers of the understanding, since he already held in the Inaugural Dissertation that sensibility contributes the forms of space and time — which he calls pure or a priori intuitions 2:397 — to our cognition of the sensible world. But the Critique claims that pure understanding too, rather than giving us insight into an intelligible world, is limited to providing forms — which he calls pure or a priori concepts — that structure our cognition of the sensible world. So now both sensibility and understanding work together to construct cognition of the sensible world, which therefore conforms to the a priori forms that are supplied by our cognitive faculties: the a priori intuitions of sensibility and the a priori concepts of the understanding. This account is analogous to the heliocentric revolution of Copernicus in astronomy because both require contributions from the observer to be factored into explanations of phenomena, although neither reduces phenomena to the contributions of observers alone. For Kant, analogously, the phenomena of human experience depend on both the sensory data that we receive passively through sensibility and the way our mind actively processes this data according to its own a priori rules.
These rules supply the general framework in which the sensible world and all the objects or phenomena in it appear to us. So the sensible world and its phenomena are not entirely independent of the human mind, which contributes its basic structure. First, it gives Kant a new and ingenious way of placing modern science on an a priori foundation. In other words, the sensible world necessarily conforms to certain fundamental laws — such as that every event has a cause — because the human mind constructs it according to those laws. Moreover, we can identify those laws by reflecting on the conditions of possible experience, which reveals that it would be impossible for us to experience a world in which, for example, any given event fails to have a cause. From this Kant concludes that metaphysics is indeed possible in the sense that we can have a priori knowledge that the entire sensible world — not just our actual experience, but any possible human experience — necessarily conforms to certain laws.
Kant calls this immanent metaphysics or the metaphysics of experience, because it deals with the essential principles that are immanent to human experience. In the Critique Kant thus rejects the insight into an intelligible world that he defended in the Inaugural Dissertation, and he now claims that rejecting knowledge about things in themselves is necessary for reconciling science with traditional morality and religion. This is because he claims that belief in God, freedom, and immortality have a strictly moral basis, and yet adopting these beliefs on moral grounds would be unjustified if we could know that they were false. Restricting knowledge to appearances and relegating God and the soul to an unknowable realm of things in themselves guarantees that it is impossible to disprove claims about God and the freedom or immortality of the soul, which moral arguments may therefore justify us in believing. Moreover, the determinism of modern science no longer threatens the freedom required by traditional morality, because science and therefore determinism apply only to appearances, and there is room for freedom in the realm of things in themselves, where the self or soul is located. We cannot know theoretically that we are free, because we cannot know anything about things in themselves.
In this way, Kant replaces transcendent metaphysics with a new practical science that he calls the metaphysics of morals. Transcendental idealism Perhaps the central and most controversial thesis of the Critique of Pure Reason is that human beings experience only appearances, not things in themselves; and that space and time are only subjective forms of human intuition that would not subsist in themselves if one were to abstract from all subjective conditions of human intuition. Kant calls this thesis transcendental idealism. What may be the case with objects in themselves and abstracted from all this receptivity of our sensibility remains entirely unknown to us. We are acquainted with nothing except our way of perceiving them, which is peculiar to us, and which therefore does not necessarily pertain to every being, though to be sure it pertains to every human being. We are concerned solely with this.
Space and time are its pure forms, sensation in general its matter. We can cognize only the former a priori, i. The former adheres to our sensibility absolutely necessarily, whatever sort of sensations we may have; the latter can be very different. Space and time are not things in themselves, or determinations of things in themselves that would remain if one abstracted from all subjective conditions of human intuition. Space and time are nothing other than the subjective forms of human sensible intuition. Two general types of interpretation have been especially influential, however.
This section provides an overview of these two interpretations, although it should be emphasized that much important scholarship on transcendental idealism does not fall neatly into either of these two camps. It has been a live interpretive option since then and remains so today, although it no longer enjoys the dominance that it once did. Another name for this view is the two-worlds interpretation, since it can also be expressed by saying that transcendental idealism essentially distinguishes between a world of appearances and another world of things in themselves. Things in themselves, on this interpretation, are absolutely real in the sense that they would exist and have whatever properties they have even if no human beings were around to perceive them. Appearances, on the other hand, are not absolutely real in that sense, because their existence and properties depend on human perceivers. Moreover, whenever appearances do exist, in some sense they exist in the mind of human perceivers.
So appearances are mental entities or mental representations. This, coupled with the claim that we experience only appearances, makes transcendental idealism a form of phenomenalism on this interpretation, because it reduces the objects of experience to mental representations. All of our experiences — all of our perceptions of objects and events in space, even those objects and events themselves, and all non-spatial but still temporal thoughts and feelings — fall into the class of appearances that exist in the mind of human perceivers. These appearances cut us off entirely from the reality of things in themselves, which are non-spatial and non-temporal. In principle we cannot know how things in themselves affect our senses, because our experience and knowledge is limited to the world of appearances constructed by and in the mind. Things in themselves are therefore a sort of theoretical posit, whose existence and role are required by the theory but are not directly verifiable.
The main problems with the two-objects interpretation are philosophical. Most readers of Kant who have interpreted his transcendental idealism in this way have been — often very — critical of it, for reasons such as the following: First, at best Kant is walking a fine line in claiming on the one hand that we can have no knowledge about things in themselves, but on the other hand that we know that things in themselves exist, that they affect our senses, and that they are non-spatial and non-temporal. At worst his theory depends on contradictory claims about what we can and cannot know about things in themselves. Some versions of this objection proceed from premises that Kant rejects. But Kant denies that appearances are unreal: they are just as real as things in themselves but are in a different metaphysical class. But just as Kant denies that things in themselves are the only or privileged reality, he also denies that correspondence with things in themselves is the only kind of truth.
Empirical judgments are true just in case they correspond with their empirical objects in accordance with the a priori principles that structure all possible human experience. But the fact that Kant can appeal in this way to an objective criterion of empirical truth that is internal to our experience has not been enough to convince some critics that Kant is innocent of an unacceptable form of skepticism, mainly because of his insistence on our irreparable ignorance about things in themselves. The role of things in themselves, on the two-object interpretation, is to affect our senses and thereby to provide the sensory data from which our cognitive faculties construct appearances within the framework of our a priori intuitions of space and time and a priori concepts such as causality. But if there is no space, time, change, or causation in the realm of things in themselves, then how can things in themselves affect us? Transcendental affection seems to involve a causal relation between things in themselves and our sensibility. If this is simply the way we unavoidably think about transcendental affection, because we can give positive content to this thought only by employing the concept of a cause, while it is nevertheless strictly false that things in themselves affect us causally, then it seems not only that we are ignorant of how things in themselves really affect us.
It seems, rather, to be incoherent that things in themselves could affect us at all if they are not in space or time. On this view, transcendental idealism does not distinguish between two classes of objects but rather between two different aspects of one and the same class of objects. That is, appearances are aspects of the same objects that also exist in themselves. So, on this reading, appearances are not mental representations, and transcendental idealism is not a form of phenomenalism. One version treats transcendental idealism as a metaphysical theory according to which objects have two aspects in the sense that they have two sets of properties: one set of relational properties that appear to us and are spatial and temporal, and another set of intrinsic properties that do not appear to us and are not spatial or temporal Langton 1998. This property-dualist interpretation faces epistemological objections similar to those faced by the two-objects interpretation, because we are in no better position to acquire knowledge about properties that do not appear to us than we are to acquire knowledge about objects that do not appear to us.
Moreover, this interpretation also seems to imply that things in themselves are spatial and temporal, since appearances have spatial and temporal properties, and on this view appearances are the same objects as things in themselves. But Kant explicitly denies that space and time are properties of things in themselves. A second version of the two-aspects theory departs more radically from the traditional two-objects interpretation by denying that transcendental idealism is at bottom a metaphysical theory. Instead, it interprets transcendental idealism as a fundamentally epistemological theory that distinguishes between two standpoints on the objects of experience: the human standpoint, from which objects are viewed relative to epistemic conditions that are peculiar to human cognitive faculties namely, the a priori forms of our sensible intuition ; and the standpoint of an intuitive intellect, from which the same objects could be known in themselves and independently of any epistemic conditions Allison 2004. Human beings cannot really take up the latter standpoint but can form only an empty concept of things as they exist in themselves by abstracting from all the content of our experience and leaving only the purely formal thought of an object in general. So transcendental idealism, on this interpretation, is essentially the thesis that we are limited to the human standpoint, and the concept of a thing in itself plays the role of enabling us to chart the boundaries of the human standpoint by stepping beyond them in abstract but empty thought.
One criticism of this epistemological version of the two-aspects theory is that it avoids the objections to other interpretations by attributing to Kant a more limited project than the text of the Critique warrants. There are passages that support this reading. The transcendental deduction The transcendental deduction is the central argument of the Critique of Pure Reason and one of the most complex and difficult texts in the history of philosophy. Given its complexity, there are naturally many different ways of interpreting the deduction. The goal of the transcendental deduction is to show that we have a priori concepts or categories that are objectively valid, or that apply necessarily to all objects in the world that we experience. To show this, Kant argues that the categories are necessary conditions of experience, or that we could not have experience without the categories.
For they then are related necessarily and a priori to objects of experience, since only by means of them can any object of experience be thought at all. The transcendental deduction of all a priori concepts therefore has a principle toward which the entire investigation must be directed, namely this: that they must be recognized as a priori conditions of the possibility of experiences whether of the intuition that is encountered in them, or of the thinking. Concepts that supply the objective ground of the possibility of experience are necessary just for that reason. Here Kant claims, against the Lockean view, that self-consciousness arises from combining or synthesizing representations with one another regardless of their content. In short, Kant has a formal conception of self-consciousness rather than a material one. Since no particular content of my experience is invariable, self-consciousness must derive from my experience having an invariable form or structure, and consciousness of the identity of myself through all of my changing experiences must consist in awareness of the formal unity and law-governed regularity of my experience.
The continuous form of my experience is the necessary correlate for my sense of a continuous self. There are at least two possible versions of the formal conception of self-consciousness: a realist and an idealist version. On the realist version, nature itself is law-governed and we become self-conscious by attending to its law-governed regularities, which also makes this an empiricist view of self-consciousness. The idea of an identical self that persists throughout all of our experience, on this view, arises from the law-governed regularity of nature, and our representations exhibit order and regularity because reality itself is ordered and regular. Kant rejects this realist view and embraces a conception of self-consciousness that is both formal and idealist. According to Kant, the formal structure of our experience, its unity and law-governed regularity, is an achievement of our cognitive faculties rather than a property of reality in itself.
Our experience has a constant form because our mind constructs experience in a law-governed way. In other words, even if reality in itself were law-governed, its laws could not simply migrate over to our mind or imprint themselves on us while our mind is entirely passive. We must exercise an active capacity to represent the world as combined or ordered in a law-governed way, because otherwise we could not represent the world as law-governed even if it were law-governed in itself. Moreover, this capacity to represent the world as law-governed must be a priori because it is a condition of self-consciousness, and we would already have to be self-conscious in order to learn from our experience that there are law-governed regularities in the world.
Though he is as undeniably German as the Nord Stream pipeline, Putin and anyone else anywhere has a right to quote him morning, noon and night. Though Kant is as German as Tolstoy, who regarded himself as a philosopher and not a writer, is Russian, their brilliance belongs to the world. Scholz, in other words, is free to quote Tolstoy, once, of course, he first learns to read. Putin, as it happens, spent much of his working life in Germany and he speaks the language of Kant, Schiller and Goethe at least as fluently as Scholz which is, admittedly, a low bar. Not only that but Putin has been praising and quoting Kant for decades and has even gone so far as saying that the philosopher should be made an official symbol of Kaliningrad Region. Catherine the Great , who was actually born in Prussia, and the German speaking and Kant admiring Putin have carried on those links into more modern times. Scholz, who fancies himself as something of a bar room philosopher, is having none of that.
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